Design and Performance Evaluation of an Electro-Hydraulic ...
where, M is the mass of an engine valve, B is the damping coefficient that is a function of the oil temperature and orifice diameter of a hydraulic snubber, K is the spring constant, x is the valve displacement, and F actuator is the actuating force generated by the EH-CEVA []. This paper focuses on system design and dynamic simulation using commercial software AMESim.